Know More About Positive Material Identification

There are so many ways to assess properties and composition of a material without causing damage. Collectively, such procedures are classified as nondestructive testing or NDT. Nondestructive testing methods are important because they do not change the material being tested. NDT procedures are liquid penetrant, radiographic, ultrasonic, and magnetic-particle testing. NDT is usually an important aspect of mechanical engineering, civil engineering, forensic engineering, and arts.

Positive material identification is an NDT process that involves determining of metal alloys present in a material. It is one of the various nondestructive methods employed in determining metal composition of a material. PMI is a reliable method because it can be done in controlled laboratory setting or on the site. Identification of metallic elements in materials is important for various industrial, engineering, and chemical purposes. Because there are more than eighty metals known in chemistry, appropriate identification is a must. There is a wide range of application within which material assessment is of crucial importance. Manufacturing industries see composition analysis of a material as an essential process. As it is essential in the technical aspects of manufacturing and production, so its relevance in key processes cannot be undermined. Indeed, many industrial activities cannot proceed without apt material testing. PMI is not something that can be postponed or skipped. Material evaluation is vital and that's why it is part of the standard procedure.

Anyway, not all businesses and industries need PMI as a process. People who deal with many types of metals and utilize them in making alloys or those people who deal with alloys find material identification as an important process in manufacturing. Industries that depend on PMI testing are aerospace manufacturing, pharmaceutical manufacturing, and electric power industry. PMI is a reliable method when the material that needs to be tested cannot be altered, dented, or scratched. It is also relied upon when the material is part of a bigger equipment or mass. When the material for testing is enormous, transporting it to a lab testing facility may be extremely cumbersome. There are also materials that cannot be cut for examination purposes. Cutting or scraping materials cause a change in mass or may even alter the aesthetic value of the material. Another instance when cutting a material for testing is inapplicable is when it is too expensive or rare. Also, PMI will be of much use when the subject for testing is hazardous.

Precision is important in any kind of testing and PMI inspectors should be able to carry out tests on materials that would yield accurate results even if no amount of material is extracted. This is because many subsequent processes will rely on the test. Inaccurate results will greatly affect inspection, manufacturing, and production. Engineers doing tests should therefore be qualified professionals. They should have enough knowledge in operating testing equipment and interpreting results.

PMI is one of the most effective means in material recognition and is one of the most trusted methods of identifying metals on the site. It is used in a variety of applications that involve identification of metallic elements, particularly for nondestructive analysis. Inspection of ferrous and non-ferrous metals may require this process and this has something to do with quality control, manufacturing, and engineering.

Today, metal analysis involves the use of sophisticated technology such as X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). XRF is unlike mass spectrograph, which is a process relying on wavelengths emitted by a sample of test object. An XRF equipment detects the metal elements present in a material by collecting and analyzing X-Ray emission data. The portable testing device is used to fire X-Ray radiation to the object. Each type of metal or element will emit characteristic X-Rays. Hence, the elements present in a sample can be determined by analyzing the X-rays emitted.

Understanding the Different Roofing Materials

The choice for your roofing material is very crucial to the beauty, durability, and overall appearance of your property. Therefore, whether you are building a new house or doing a home renovation, you need to understand the different roofing materials available in the market.

The roof protects your from the environment. It protects you from the wind, snow, and rain. It also serves as an insulator of the structure. This can have a significant effect on your heating bills. This is just one of the things you need to consider with the choice of material for your roof.

The Location and the Choice of Roofing Materials

In the market, there are many types of materials available. But the type of material you choose may depend on your requirements, taste, and budget. You also need to consider where your property is located. The location will determine the best roofing material you will use.

Try to take a look at your neighborhood. If you are quite familiar with your locality, then you are most likely aware of the roofing material used in the houses nearby. This is a great starting point in searching the right type of roofing material to use.

If you do not have any clue on what is the best material to use that will best suit your location, ask for the advices of the experts. It is really worth your time to speak to professional roofers in your area. They are most likely knowledgeable of the best material for the climate you have.

The Implication to Insurance

Another consideration with the choice of the material for your roof is the implication to your insurance. If you have a thatched roof, expect to pay higher costs in insurance than when you choose a tile roof.

Doing the Job Yourself or Hiring a Professional?

Based on the choice of the roofing material, you can decide whether to do the job on your own or to hire a roofing professional. The success with your project depends on the quality of the material and the expertise of the people to install it. Even if you have the most expensive roofing materials in the world, installing it sloppily will only waste your time and money.

Is there someone in the area that can properly fit the material to your house? This is something you need to take into account before choosing the material to use for your roof.

Conclusion

To end this article, understanding the roofing material is very important. It is one of the basic decisions you need to do correctly because this will dramatically affect your budget, your time, and your overall success later.

Construction Materials

Building a house will never happen without the right materials for construction. Despite having a grandiose design, it will never transpire without the proper materials that you can use so that you can bring out that design from the papers to the real thing. Most people who want to build a house of their own only rely on contractors when it comes to buying the right materials for construction, but if you want to be hands on when it comes to the construction of your house then you can actually be the one to look and purchase the materials that would suit the construction needs of your house.

The construction materials that you need would first be based on the design that you have. Everything starts with the kind of house that you want to build. It's not enough that you know the materials that can be used for construction. The problem in just simply buying materials without putting the design in mind is that unnecessary purchases can be made which will just put your spare construction essentials to waste. To avoid unnecessary expenses on the materials which you can't use, it would be best to know what you need and what you don't need based on the design plan for the house. If you happen to design a brick house, then invest more on cement and bricks. As another example, if your design plan gives you a house that is oriental in nature, then you might want to invest on wood that you find appealing for your house. Aside from these, you should also buy the right amount of the essential materials for construction like nails and other necessary equipment that you can use for your construction.

Another important that you should consider when buying materials for your construction would be your budget. Again, your budget must also be based on the design that you have, or both can be adjusted in one way or another. If you have a great design but your budget is limited, then you can make adjustments on the materials and the equipment that you can use for your construction. You might want to look for materials that look like the one that you need but are cheaper than the original ones. You might want to consider buying the basic and simple versions of the expensive construction materials. You don't have to worry much about it because there are so many materials in the market that you can choose to have depending on the budget that you have. There are some materials that are more expensive than the others because these are known brands, but there are also some that are cheaper but can still guarantee quality. Thus, you just have to be wiser and more inquisitive in terms of looking for materials if you have a tight budget.

If you're looking for construction materials, you can always go to your nearest home depot or do-it-yourself shops. The best thing about these stores is that they can assist you in choosing the best materials for your needs.

Know If a Material Is According To Its Standard Using Positive Material Identification

Positive material identification or PMI is a nondestructive test method that is used to examine alloys and other materials to determine the presence of impurity. This is done in order to find out if the material is authentic based on the grade name it bears and to find out whether an alloy possesses unneeded elements. It is a process that shall serve as a gauge whether to accept or reject a material. There is no way that this process will be used to adjust the quality of the material to make it suitable for usage.

Engineers generally push the borderline of the capacity of any material to limits that make it efficient for the purpose and design. Hardly ever does a material come pure as it is typically alloyed or mixed with other elements to make it sturdier and more durable. However, several issues arise and we should take into account that with modification of composition comes the change in material specification. The durability of a material shall be determined by the proportions of the elements present in it. The wrong ratio can render the material futile. To complicate matters, the presence of impurities can limit the usefulness of a material. There is no other way for engineers to find out if a material is going to be suitable for particular purpose than doing methodical tests and it is just one of those standard tests employed to verify aptness of a material.

Positive material identification determines the alloy composition and grade of a material whether it comes with a certificate or not. The objective is to find out whether the grade as mentioned on the label is truthful. The process is generally used for premium metals like precious alloys and stainless steel. Because it is a non destructive test (like dye penetrant inspection or radiography), it is an excellent method of examination without altering the material physically or chemically.

There are usually two ways to carry out positive material inspection and these are x-ray fluorescence and spark emission spectrography. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) is usually more reliable than spark emission spectrography because it leaves no traces on the surface of the material being tested. The x-ray flourescence equipment consists of radioactive sources that emit low voltage x-rays. As the theory speaks, atoms of materials exposed to x-rays become excited and emit energy. The energy emitted by an excited atom is unique. As a result, this method is an effective way of identifying what elements are present in a material. X-ray flourescence does not only detect what elements are present but also determines how much of each element is present.

Much of positive material identification test is done with the use of x-ray flourescence, which is suitable when the integrity of the material being tested should be preserved. Some material analysis require taking a piece of the test subject for laboratory analysis but this is not applicable in many instances. Positive material identification is just one of the many nondestructive testing methods, like acoustic emission, leak detection, and hydrotesting.

A Safer Approach To Moving Handling And Storing Materials

"Precaution is better than cure", this proverb goes true not only in the health-care industry but in all industries, including those of heavy machineries. In addition to acquisition of raw materials, the efficient handling and storing of materials are vital to the heavy industry. The improper handling and storing of materials often result in costly injuries. To avoid such unwanted workplace hazards, the right material handling equipment is essential in more or less all heavy industries.
Weight and bulkiness of objects are major contributing factors to the injuries at workplace in many industries. Bending, followed by twisting and turning, are also more commonly cited movements that caused back injuries. Other hazards include falling objects, improperly stacked materials, and improper use of the various types of equipment. Manual material handling involves potential risks of injuries that can be among the following:

• Strains and sprains from lifting loads improperly or from carrying loads that are either too large or too heavy,
• Fractures and bruises caused by being struck by materials or by being caught in pinch points, and
• Cuts and bruises caused by falling materials that have been improperly stored or by incorrectly cutting ties or other securing devices.

It is essentially important to provide important safety information on handling, lifting, loading, storing and installing in heavy industries. Efficient flow and proper handling of materials is essential to a high production operation. A systematic approach should be used to reduce the total amount of required manual material handling and minimize the hazards associated with these activities during the planning and construction phases, by creating a unified material handling system.
Material handling equipment selection is a complex task and there is usually more than one good solution for any particular situation. The choice of material handling equipment depends on the product and process requirements. For this reason, material handling equipment can only be selected according to the product and process specifications. The entire material handling equipment process can be divided into three stages:

• Material Handling Equipment selection
• Rationalization of the selected Material Handling Equipment.
• Utilization and detailed design of the Material Handling Equipment

The types of material handling equipment are most often based on one of the following categories:

• Load Type
• Load Capacity
• Size
• Nature
• Speed
• Accumulation Required
• Distance
• Frequency Of Movement
• Flexibility of Path
• Loading and Unloading ability

An effective management always works towards worker safety and health protection. It is a decisive factor in reducing the extent and severity of work-related injuries and illnesses and their related costs.

Have You Selected Wrong Materials for Chemicals?

Chemicals are very much a part of our lifestyles. Every household detergent, solvent, and bleach that you use in your homes is a result of some production efforts from manufacturing plants somewhere in the world around you. Fertilizer, automobile radiator coolant, shampoo, soap, insecticide, paint solvent, lubricants, fuel oil are just a few that I can name right now. I'm sure you can find more around you, but you get the point. We use chemicals everywhere.

Anyone who has visited a chemical processing plant is sure to notice the many pumps, agitators, tanks, piping, and valves that are installed there. Liquid have to be transferred from one place to another. Pumps are therefore very important in a chemical processing plant. Without them the chemical processing plant will literally come to a halt!

One of the main jobs for Plant Engineers is to maintain the numerous pumps installed at their plant. These pumps can count into the hundreds or even thousands, depending on the size of the plant. So you should realize that to do a proper preventive maintenance, it is no mean task. There must be regular schedules, proper tracking of jobs done, available manpower and skills, suitable tools, replacement parts, materials and a proper system of administration of all these.

Sometimes, even with all the maintenance activities being carried out, pumps do fail. And when they do, plant engineers will have to find out what causes them to fail. Especially with new pumps where there is very little record trend of breakdown, engineers will be hard pressed into finding solutions for this. This is when experience helps in pinpointing the cause(s) of the failure.

Pumps or other machinery will give tell-tale signs when they are not working properly. An observant pump user will be able to avoid major breakdowns or damage if the problem is corrected early.

In order to solve any pump problem, we need to notice the symptoms carefully so as to determine the most likely causes. Instruments like pressure gauges are very helpful and should be installed in the pumping system.

Very often we do have to rely on our 5 senses to determine the exact symptom. Normally, pump problems can be classified into:

1) Suction Related,

2) System Related, or

3) Mechanical Related.

It can also be a combination of these.

Most of the system related problems occur because of design flaw. For example, the designer may have chosen the wrong pump whose characteristic does not match the system requirement. Suction related problems are usually caused by air locks that are due to a variety of reasons. I will not mention them here.

The effects of mechanical related problems could manifest themselves as suction related problems - air leaks in the system, worn out impellers, and mouth rings - but the most common symptom is the presence of vibration and abnormal noise in the equipment.

However, there is one area where we seldom focus on - the effect of chemicals. Was the material selected able to withstand the chemicals? If you have done all your designing right and you still find that leaks are occurring so frequently, chances are that the materials are failing due to chemical reaction. Signs of corrosion at the seals are a strong indication of material failure due to wrong usage.

Nowadays, waste treatment plants or even process plants are called upon to process strong acids, alkalis, oxidizers, solvents, waste, slurry and other corrosive and abrasive chemicals. And it is not only pumps that are affected. Agitators, storage tanks, and piping need to be compatible to these chemicals. If the wrong material is selected, it can lead to dangerous and widespread consequences of chemical spills, emergency evacuation, pollution, environmental damage and other disruptions to the production facility.

Engineers in such chemical processing plants need to know what materials are suitable to be used for their process. It is much more complex than just selecting materials for water pumps. Much detailed and careful selection choices based on the chemicals, the temperatures (because some of the plastic materials can weaken at temperatures that are considered normal for metals), chemical reactions, safety, spills and many others have to be taken.

The aim of any maintenance personnel is to lengthen the lifespan of equipment under his care. Selection of chemical resistant materials is not a one-cure-fits-all solution. Some materials are not affected by certain chemicals but can be damaged by others. Some have good mechanical strength while others cannot last long without reinforcement. Usually, materials that can withstand many types of chemicals are very expensive.

Cost considerations need to be taken into account when choosing a material for a certain application. If there is a choice of materials for a certain application, it makes better sense to choose cheaper materials if they can perform just as well.

There are several components to check for when selecting suitable materials:

1) Elastomers for flexible parts like seal rings and gaskets

2) Metal parts like shafting, springs, holders, bolts & nuts, and pressure gauges

3) Plastic parts like housing, piping, impellers, and covers

Metals have good mechanical strength that can last very long in operation. In fact some parts need to be made of metal, e.g. bearing housing and shafts. Pump housing made of metal can be casted and machined easily. They are able to withstand abrasive fluids and rough handling without any other reinforcement. One very important characteristic of metals is heat conduction. If the chemical to be pumped is hot, metal is always the choice.

Plastics have become the better choice for many corrosive chemical applications because it is more resistant to chemical action than metals. When using plastics to replace metals, you have to compromise on the mechanical strength of the pump. If the pump does not encounter much rough handling or abrasion, plastics can be used. Sometimes plastics are used to coat metal parts. These are fine as long as the plastic coating remains intact.

Elastomers are the flexible materials that are needed for sealing the pump parts. There should not be any compromise here. Laboratory tests on the suitability of elastomers with certain chemicals should be followed. Unsuitable material used can cause leaks that can lead to other failures in other parts.

With so many chemicals in use today, how do we know what materials can be used for what chemicals? Sometimes liquids to be pumped contain chemicals that are both corrosive and abrasive. Should we choose a plastic or a metal housing? Sometimes chemicals may become hot either through the process or through mis-operation of the system - perhaps, somebody forgot to open a valve. Plastic parts can weaken at high temperatures.

It's only through the result of test and actual operation that we are able to know what materials to use. It is good to know what to expect when we make a decision for a choice of materials to use. A good choice may involve some compromise.

Chemistry - Various Raw Materials

Natural Gas, Coal

Fossil fuels and many other raw materials are the remains of plants and animals which lived millions of years ago. They are composed of hydrocarbons, so we call them fossil carbon compounds. Fossil fuels and other raw materials can occur as solids, usually in stratified layers of earth. Or, these materials can be liquids, as with oil. Natural gas, which is found in underground caves in often great quantities, occurs sometimes in kilometre-wide supply. Because coal is usually deposited near the surface of the Earth, it was the first fossil fuel to be used as an energy provider by our distant ancestors. Oil and natural gas have gained their importance as fuels mostly as raw materials for industry, and that in more recent times.

Coal is a flammable material made from the remains of plants and other organic substances, which during millions of years of geological history has been charred, or carbonised, to a brown or black colour in a sedimentary layer. Coal can be divided into various kinds based on its degree of carbonisation: brown, black and anthracite.

While brown coal contains about 60-70% carbon and has a relatively high water content, with ash matter and bitumen making up around (asi 7-20% ), hard, black coal is much richer in carbon (75-92% ), while being lower in water content, ash and bitumen. This makes it more expensive, of course. Anthracite is coal with a high degree of carbonisation (containing more than 91.5% carbon). Its water and ash content are negligible.

Carbonisation, or charring, is a process by which fossilised compounds become coal. In the process of this long-term geochemical change, plant material (cellulose and lignite) are transformed into peat, then to brown coal, hard coal and anthracite. One of the prerequisites for carbonisation is a large amount of matter containing carbon. A damp environment is also needed, as is a moderate climate. The organic material has to be covered with a thick layer of mineral sediment (in a depression in the earth). Carbonisation begins at high temperature and pressure in the absence of air, leading to the decrease of the concentrations of hydrogen and oxygen in the material. On the other hand, the relative concentration of carbon in the material increases.

The degree of carbonisation in a material rises from peat material, to brown coal, to black coal, to anthracite.

The various types of coal, with their differing degrees of carbonisation, have variable heat, or calorific, value, with the least amount in peat. Calorific value is the amount of heat energy which is released when 1 kg of material is burned. The calorific value of the individual fossil fuels is given in units of kilojoules per kilogram (KJ/kg)

wood 16 800 KJ/kg

peat 16 380 KJ/kg

brown coal 21 000 KJ/kg

black coal 34 860 KJ/kg

anthracite up to 36 120 KJ/kg

benzene 44 520 KJ/kg

Coal is used in a number of industrial processes, and in households, mostly as a fuel.

Natural gas is a naturally-occurring gas which is often found in caverns in the earth, often together with oil. Natural gas can also be found in porous layers of sand. Natural gas is a mixture of gases composed mostly of methane. Other gases which can be found in natural gas are other hydrocarbons (ethane, propane, butane), nitrogen, hydrogen, water and helium. It is formed by the transformation of fossil compounds by long geological processes. Natural gas can be won by digging natural gas wells. Natural gas need not be taken from the surface of the earth, because the internal pressure of the layer where it is found is sufficient to push it up to the surface of the earth. It is used today as a propulsion and heating material. It is also widely used in many chemical processes.

Oil, Fossil Fuels and Raw Materials

Composition and Uses of Oil and Natural Gas

Oil begins to be formed when microorganisms decompose plant and animal matter in the absence of air. This previously organic material is amassed thousands of meters below the surface of the Earth, in porous caverns in sedimentary rock formations. Oil is a brown to black liquid. It is more or less viscous, thanks to its chemical composition. Oil is a mixture of materials, but it is primarily composed of normal or cyclic hydrocarbons (up to 80-90% ) and water (10-14% ). Oil can be burned when it is in its liquid state, as a heating oil, but it is also a raw material in the production of other fuels, lubricants, paraffins and bitumens. Besides these uses, it is a geochemical raw material which is used in other special processes which produce various powders, plastics and synthetic fibres, among others.

Separation of Individual Oil Fractions Using Distillation

Oil is composed of a mixture of linear and cyclic hydrocarbons. These can be separated by taking advantage of their different boiling points, using distillation to separate the components. When oil is heated, its fractions, or components, with the lowest boiling point vaporise first. If the distillation is carried out gradually and slowly, a fraction can be cooled, and the gas will condense. In this way, one liquid fraction can be isolated, and this fraction should be fairly pure. This separation of the individual fractions of oil is called a fractional distillation. Of course, each individual fraction separated contains a mixture of materials. Each mixture has its own special uses as well.

Approximate Boiling Point (° C) Fraction Uses

500 bitumen asphalt products, freeway materials

From a practical point of view, fractional distillation means that when oil is heated, it vaporises, its fumes rising up a column from its liquid origin in the bottom of the column to the top. These fumes are horizontally divided into individual columns. The temperature of each fraction decreases as the column rises away from the original liquid material. The fractions condense and can be divided out. Before a fractional distillation of oil is carried out, the original oil sample must be cleaned, which means removing the salts it contains, and removing any water which might be present.

Mineral Oils and Motor Oil

Fuels contain alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons in their liquid form, with two main groups which can be distinguished. Motor oils are products with low boiling points (30-200° C). These can be used in the propulsion systems of Otto motors. Diesel oil is separated from a boiling fraction at temperatures of 200-300° C. It is used in diesel motors and has a higher burning temperature than petrol. When the fuel is completely burned, water and carbon dioxide are produced. If there is insufficient oxygen available during the burning process, carbon monoxide, a very poisonous and reactive gas, is produced. The release of excessive carbon monoxide into the air can result in problems in the atmosphere. To help solve this problem, modern cars are equipped with catalytic converters, in order to decrease the amount of carbon monoxide and other harmful gases into the atmosphere. Catalytic converters change carbon monoxide into the less harmful carbon dioxide, as well as transforming harmful nitrogen oxides into less harmful compounds.

Environmental Consequences of Burning Fossil Fuels

Besides water, carbon dioxide is formed when fossil fuels are burned. This gas is released into the atmosphere. Atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide rises, and the result is the we have to be concerned about possible changes to the Earth's climate. Carbon dioxide is not the only harmful gas released in burning reactions: Nitrogen-containing oxides and sulphur oxides are also released. The latter are easily dissolved in water, which makes them a main ingredient in rain, which falls on both land and water, acidifying our environment and bringing even more consequences to bear. The burning of fossil carbon sources, then, has significant effects on the Earth's climate, nature, agriculture and of course, our health. The use of alternative sources of energy, therefore, is the only possible answer to this dilemma. Only in this way can the negative effects of the release of these harmful gases be limited. Another possibility, of course, is using less energy, especially that derived from fossil fuels.

The significance of the above-mentioned alternative sources of energy has grown and continues to grow, on the one hand because of the pollution of our environment which is the result of the burning of fossil fuels. Not to be underestimated, however, is the reasoning that the stocks of these fuels are bound to be used up at some point in the not so distant future. Fossil fuels are one type of exhaustible energy source. There is only a certain amount of fossil fuels found on Earth; once this amount is gone, there is no way to produce more. As these stocks are used up, it will become more and more important to generate the energy humanity needs from alternative sources which can be regenerated and can therefore be used in a practically unlimited way. Wind energy, solar energy, hydroelectric energy and geothermic energy are only some of the possibilities.

Carboxylic Acids and Eesters

Nomenclature of Carboxylic Acids

Carboxylic acids are organic acids which contain a functional carboxylic group (-COOH). Aliphatic, saturated monocarboxylic acids which contain one carboxylic group in the molecule form a homologous group with the general chemical formula (CnH2a+1COOH). In naming of these acids, the compound name of the corresponding alkane is taken as an adjective, with the name of the acid added on. The first acids in the homologous group carry their traditional names:

formic acid (HCOOH)

acetic acid (CH3COOH)

propionate acid (CH3CH2COOH)

butyl acid (CH3CH2CH2COOH)

When the salts of carboxylic acids are named, the base name of the corresponding alkane is taken and an -ate suffix is added to the end. The cation of the salt is indicated by an adjective of the name of the element.

The hydrocarbon portion of the molecule of carboxylic acids is named according to how the corresponding alkane would be named. This is characterised by the main symbol of the carboxylic acid - for example the carboxylic group (-COOH), which is the functional group.

Physical Properties and Reactivity

Molecules of carboxylic acid are polar. The carboxylic groups contained on the molecules form hydrogen bonds with neighbouring molecules. Thanks to these weak intermolecular forces, carboxylic acids have high melting and boiling points. With increasing size of the hydrocarbon rest of the molecule, the polar character of the functional group is masked by the non-polar character of the hydrocarbon chain. The first homologous members of the series are liquids which are soluble in water. As the series continues, however, its members become solid at room temperature, and begin dissolving in non-polar solvents. Because of their acidic character, carboxylic acids form salts with impure metals.

The acid reactions which take place among carboxylic acids are caused to a great degree by the presence of their carboxylic group. Its oxygen atom increases the polar character of bonds formed with oxygen and hydrogen, making it very easy for it to release an electron - to form a carboxylic ion.

Acetic Acid

Acetic acid is the base ingredient of common table vinegar. Acetic acid is a clear liquid with an acrid odour. It is corrosive, and combined with indicators, it reacts in an acidic manner. Concentrated acetic acid is known as icy acetic acid, because below 16.6° C, its melting point, it hardens into a metal-like structure. Acetic acid is easily soluble in water and ethanol. When it is reacted with impure metals, hydrogen, metal salts and acetic acids known as octanes (acetates) are formed. Acetic acid is used in the food service industry. It is used as a preservative in the production of some groceries.

In industry, acetic acids are used to produce acetic acid esters. These are good solvents. In addition, acetic acids can be used in the production of plastics, artificial silks, some medicines and paints and other colourings.

The acids which are found in vinegar are produced with the help of the bacteria found in alcoholic wine. This reaction has as its mechanism the oxidation of ethanol by oxygen contained in the air, to acetic acid. This process is called acetic fermentation.

bacteria

CH3CH2OH + O2 ¾ ¾ ¾ ® CH3COOH + H2O

Ethanol acetic acid

Production of Esters and their Reactivity

Esters are produced when carboxylic acids are allowed to react with alcohols. Esters have the functional group -COO-. Water is also produced as a by-product in the reaction which produces esters.This is a reversible reaction, sometimes also called an equilibrium reaction. The break-up of an ester (reversible reaction) is called the hydrolysis of an ester. The synthesis of an ester is a multi-step reaction, with additions and eliminations included.

Significance of Esters

One of esters' most distinguishing characteristics is their intense odour, similar in some cases to fruits and other plants. For this reason, they are often used in the food service industry, especially in the production of certain delicacies or additives which tend to intensify some tastes in foods. Esters are good solvents. They are ingredients in some glues and paints. In the production of an ester from an acid derived from an alkane bonded to glycerin (glycerol), fats and oils are produced. The oils contain

unsaturated carboxylic acids of ester glycerin. The fats contain saturated acids. Waxes are esters of higher aliphatic alkanols with carboxylic acids. They have 16-32 carbon atoms in each molecule. Fats and oils are very significant for living organisms, because important materials necessary for living systems can dissolve in them.

Cautions About Buying Online Educational Materials

When the Internet first materialized from the ether and teachers discovered its potential as a research and educational tool, it became a teacher responsibility to educate students on the "Good, Bad, and the Ugly" of the Internet. Even today, students still have difficulty discerning fact from just plain garbage on the Internet. They still believe that everything they read there is TRUE. Now I am discovering that many adults have the same trouble. My biggest concern with this is in the area of educational materials.

In the real world, most people still feel that teachers should be held to a higher standard and that schools should be "doing right" by their child. Parents are quick to complain if something goes wrong. Teachers today have to be fingerprinted and go through extensive background checks--even teachers who have had perfect records for 30 years.

At the same time, parents are buying "educational materials" from the Internet with just the assumption that these materials are appropriate for their child and are correct. Parents are also reading articles and looking at websites and accepting that what they are reading is fact without doing any research of the topic or checking into the background of the author.

I recently read an article about becoming a psychologist. Since I have a degree in Psychology, I was interested in what the author had to say. I was shocked to see him write that you can become a psychologist with a 2-year Associates degree. This is simply NOT TRUE! His article ended with a link to a site pushing Psychology programs. It was not his site-he had misread some of the information from the site-and he is not a Psychologist himself. I suspect he has no Psychology training at all.

I read a large number of tutoring articles all written by the same person. He had terrible grammar and spelling (he needed a tutor) and some of his articles contained information that was inaccurate. Surprise! Every article ended with a link to an online tutoring site.

I don't have trouble with the concept of using articles to drive traffic to a site to sell products like eBooks on how to get you ex back or how to market an online business or search engine optimization. You, the buyer, realize these sites and/or authors have a vested interest in getting you to buy their product. The important issue is that if you get taken for a ride, only YOU suffer the consequences.

This is not the case for educational materials being purchased by parents for their children. If parents buy materials that are not produced by educators, are not based on sound educational practices, or are actually bad materials, it is the CHILD who will suffer the consequences. What you do to yourself is your business, but what you do to a child is everyone's business. Online educational sites and materials need to be held to that higher standard. Parents need to know that the producers of these materials are "up to date" with their knowledge and can be trusted.

A few years ago, when the home-schooling movement began to grow quickly, there was an increased demand for materials they could use. The Internet is now "littered" with sites trying to make a buck off this demand. Typical worksheets are easy, quick, and cheap to produce. But just because someone can type two columns of addition problems doesn't make the worksheet good for your child. Current science is showing us that worksheets are contrary to the way the brain learns. I have found virtually no websites offering worksheets that are actually good for children. Many sites don't show examples of their material so you don't even know what you will be getting.

PhD in Curriculum and Instruction For Better Education Materials and Methods

As any well-meaning teacher is aware, each student works at a speed which ticks according to his or her academic clock. Even in a class of supposedly smart students, everyone understands what is taught at varying rates and degrees. Hence, the skill in drawing up an effective curriculum is very often an art and science bundled together. With experience gained from many years of teaching and observing people, such a professional is best suited to pursue a PhD in Curriculum and Instruction to make an impact in the education system.

A PhD in this specialization revolves around much research on what and how best to teach people to comprehend, retain and pass on knowledge. Once this can be successfully accomplished, it also provides some guarantee that future generations benefit from what their predecessors have learnt and pass onto them. We often see present curriculum development and technology not in accordance with the times as students are thought based on what was evident eons back. Although it is important to reflect on history, it is just as crucial not to dwell on it. With little or no exposure to the present, there are no means to deal with the good and bad of today. It's likened to food without salt. Although it may give you nourishment, it is bland and not appetizing enough for a second helping.

By being a professional in the teaching or curriculum field, equipping yourself with a PhD in Curriculum and Instruction allows you to delve deeper into mapping an effective curriculum according to target student group. As part of your PhD research, you will cover and identify suitable methods of instruction and assessment for said curriculum. You then seek balance between the cognitive and behavioral approaches. Theories of learning by thought as compared to behavior are to be handled accordingly. Putting in layman's terms, sometimes you see to learn and other times, you learn to see.

This PhD program encompasses a wide spectrum of curriculum levels and areas. Specialization can be in the study of the curriculum development and technology itself or by disciplines such as languages, sciences, mathematics. They may focus from elementary to middle school to tertiary levels, or even concentrate on adult teaching or special education. Whichever it may be, there are various areas for one who is interested to improve the current curriculum to produce a wiser generation with practical capabilities.

Education Definition and Its Importance

Education is also known by many other names such as learning, teaching, and schooling. The term is derived from the Latin word 'educatio' ('a bringing', 'a rearing', 'a bringing up') which is related to other Latin words 'educo' ('I train', I educate'), the homonym 'educo' ('I raise up', 'I take out', 'I erect', 'I lead forth'), and 'duco' ('I lead, I conduct'). Generally, education is the act or experience which affects the formation of one's character, mind, and physical ability. Technically, the term refers to the process by which society intentionally transmits accumulated values, skills, as well as knowledge from the older generation to the younger. Essentially, education covers all instructions and discipline which are aimed at correcting the temper, enlightening the understanding, forming manners and habits, and giving useful skills for children in order to be used in their future.

The process of education includes three major aspects - instruction (learning facilitation delivered by a teacher or tutor), teaching (the action done by the teacher or tutor as an instructor to deliver the learning materials to the students), and learning (an action done by those who are taught to receive knowledge, abilities, or skills that may be useful in the future).

A school can be seen as a place where we learn about life before we jump into the real world. School prepares students to deal with various problems in life. However, nowadays you can still find education systems that put emphasis on the importance of memorizing facts and figures, as well as achieving good grades. Instead of eliciting the learner's appetite for knowledge, these things will only discourage them. Children who are stuffed with facts are figures have the tendency to become passive individuals who are less motivated to think, ask questions, and throw new ideas.

To encourage students to learn more and more new things, educators must provide them with new ideas and new ways of thinking. Besides the conventional textbooks, children should be introduced new education materials from their surroundings as well as from the internet. There are thousands of learning methods and materials available out there. If you are a parent, encourage your child to find the best way of learning, that way education will be a fun activity instead of a boring one. A good method should encourage children to think, not follow a lesson. The combination of learning and practice (or action) will encourage the children to make mistakes and learn from them. Nobody is perfect and it is not a crime to make a mistake. With the right approach, instead of being embarrassed of making some errors and mistakes, children will wisely learn from them and eventually become better individuals with better understanding about themselves and how things work.

Instead of bombarding children with repetitions of learning materials, education will be more effective if students are given the encouragement and chance to give their own opinions and arguments about even the simplest matter. While teaching materials are usually delivered orally, visual materials as well as observation are also very important.

The Internet: How Educators Can Fully Benefit From It

Games, pictures, audio and video content. Multimedia. This is what the internet offers to educators all around the world. A lesson should be concise yet jam packed with information the students need to absorb.

It should encapsulate all the important elements but be presented in a way that would not saturate the learner's mind which can later cause little attention given to the lesson by the students. Little attention given to lessons can hinder retention of the information being presented.

The internet abounds with multimedia materials that can help stimulate and capture the attention of learners, young and old alike. Knowing which materials can help facilitate classroom activities is a plus for educators.

Authentic materials are materials not made for classroom use but can be used for classroom activities and achieve the same effect as usual classroom materials do. What are some examples of authentic materials?
Songs - Popular songs can be used to teach lessons such as usage of prepositions or conjunctions. Finding rhyming words in songs can also be an activity that learners can do.
Online articles - "How to..." articles can be a great way to test for children's skills on following instructions. Giving them a list of instructions and having them come up with the finished product successfully can help educators measure their accuracy in reading skills through this product-based activity.
Videos - Some video clips of famous poems or classic works are available in the internet as well. Plays from Shakespeare like Romeo and Juliet are easily available in many different interpretations from which teachers can choose from.

For those who do not have interest in reading, presenting them with videos on selected plays or short stories can deliver the lesson as well. Though originally made for entertainment purposes, these videos can relay what the text contains through the scenes portrayed.

The internet is a place full of resources and innovative ideas on how educators can make the learners' classroom experience more meaningful and exciting. However, teachers must exercise caution as well when choosing materials.

Educators should take time to see the quality of the materials they are about to use inside the classroom and see these can be deemed student-friendly and can be truly considered as helpful authentic materials.

Through using resources found on the internet, educators can be both effective and efficient as the materials they use can cut discussion time in half while engaging the students' attention.

The need for Financial Education

Not long after the start of the global financial crisis I became aware of a material difference between the so-called wealthy and the wannabe wealthy. Apart from the obvious difference in fortunes held, I have observed there is a difference in the financial education levels and approach to life.
In the years I have spent as a financial adviser I have met only a handful of people I would consider to be in the 'wealthy' group or true 'entrepreneurs'. None of them were my clients, and in fact I don't believe any of them used the services of a financial adviser.
Not only did they have an advantage in material assets but they also had a different outlook on life which encompassed enjoying a healthy life.
On the whole financial advisers do not advise these entrepreneurs because these people already understand the importance of acquiring their own knowledge, skills and information about financial education. They take responsibility for their own investment decisions and do not let others (financial advisers) make decisions for them.
There are some other key differences between these entrepreneurs and the wannabe's which I think points to why investors need financial education if they want to become a true entrepreneur.
Some of these differences are:
* Wannabe's mostly believe what they're told. Entrepreneurs will do their own research and make their own decisions. Do your own due diligence and follow your instincts. It will rarely lead you astray.
* Wannabe's will seek a perfect plan and wait for the perfect time. Entrepreneurs will accept educated risk and take action quickly once they have compiled all the information.
* Wannabe's get distracted by focusing on positive thinking without taking appropriate action. Entrepreneurs understand the importance of positive thinking but also know that it only gets you so far. They will combine positive thinking with a specific plan for action.
* Wannabe's do not share their ideas for fear of looking stupid in front of their friends or family. Entrepreneurs will openly share their ideas with like minded people. It's important to not listen to family and friends as in most cases they have no credibility. Entrepreneurs seek out financial education.
* Wannabe's generally believe they can do anything, but have no plan or falter at the first sight of a problem. Entrepreneurs on the other hand will use all available resources to put a plan into place and find solutions to wannabe's problems.
* Wannabe's are focused on 'making money' and quite often lead lifestyles with no focus on their health. Entrepreneurs are focused on combining all elements of being wealthy, healthy and wise.
Financial education is available to everyone, particularly with the aid of the internet but also through excellent courses, publications and conferences which the true entrepreneurs seek out.

Educational Deals and Products

Education is a sector that is constantly evolving. In India, it is a field that has been under constant criticism and scrutiny for many decades now.
The system that is held responsible for educating our children, which is run by the education ministry of the central and state governments and various private institutions, have been criticized for lacking a clear vision for the future of the sector in India and the inability to find solutions for the many deep rooted flaws in the way the education sector in this country works. But one among all these negative reports there are a lot of commendable steps that have been taken but do not get as much media attention as all the criticisms do. One of them is the gradual growth of online learning in India schools and colleges.

E-learning comprises of all forms of electronic learning including all computer based and internet based learning solutions. E-learning is a way of utilizing technology to present knowledge in a form that is easier to access, understand and store. A USB drive can store as many pages as tens of textbooks, a video presentation van helps you understand a science experiment that would otherwise require you to be in a lab or watch the experiment being conducted. Teachers need not take the same classes again for different batches of students. The students have an option of learning something when they want it, where they want it.

E-learning is very cost effective too. A lot of the paper work that is required by traditional methods of schooling can be eliminated. The technological resources if used to their optimum potential can drastically alter the cost of education in our schools. Considering the sky rocketingexpenses that students are forced to accrue just for acquiring their basic right to education; this is an immensely attractive aspect of e-learning.
Synchronous training or real time training is in fact not too different from the traditional training because all the students are involved in the process at the same time. The course material could be on the students individual systems or a projector screen or the students could be in different places via teleconferencing or web meetings. Asynchronous training doesn’t demand the presence of all the students and each student can learn the course at his/her home at a time they find convenient and could take the help of the instructor through internet or other tools. This is especially beneficial for senior students who work during the day or have any other need that prevents them from attending regular classes.

E-learning focuses on the learner more than traditional methods of learning because the information present is available for the student to use according to their preference of subject matter or personal preference. Every student has his/her own method and pace for learning. In class roomsituations, where students who require more time than their peers to grasp new ideas, could feel left out because they cannot keep up with the flow of the class. The students take personal responsibility for their own learning and this is could be advantageous because it gives them a sense of responsibility.
Audio-visual aids, interactive course presentations and application based questions are tremendously effective as study tools because they enable better retention of the subject matter by stimulating the brain. Also, students have the option of redoing a particular section in case they couldn grasp it completely the first time around. Also, when different teachers teach the same subject, there are chances ofundue fluctuations in the kind of information passed on. With an e-learning tool, this problem is eliminated as the material is the same for all the students.

Although e-learning has tremendous factors working towards its advantage, it needs to be seen how well our educational institutions implement it. The initial investment is considerably high and the resistance from those who are yet to see the advantage of such a system and thus doubting its effectiveness are major challenges. Anything less than full commitment on part of the elders would lead to our kids being deprived of the positives that could be derived from the implementation of e-learning in our schools. This is where the government needs to step in to ensure that something so important for the future of education in this country is not overlooked or allowed to be neglected. A combined and earnest effort from all the concerned people would do wonders for the coming generations of this country.

Online Computer Education Degree Options

Computer technology has spread through practically every part of today's society from individual use to corporate use. This creates a need for skilled computer professionals who are educated in the numerous fields of computer technology. Many online schools offer education in a wide range of degrees connected to computers.


The degree options range from computer science to computer engineering. Because technology continues to advance at a fast rate education in the field is continuing to grow. With computers in almost every home, company, and organization educated skilled professionals are needed to manage computer software, engineer a computer, set up system security, and more. This fact is making the occupational growth within the industry well over the national average compared to all other careers.


Accredited online schools offer diverse programs with the advantage of earning an education while staying at home. Students will be able to take courses that fit into their commitments and job responsibilities. This allows students to earn an education at their own pace. However, many online programs and courses have a time limit and extensions on a course may result in a fee.


Computer science is the study of computers and their languages, applications, and designs. Students gaining a degree in this area will also study the mathematical structures that make up a computers computation. Students wanting to work in the computer industry have many different educational paths to choose from. Some colleges online offer degree distinctions as high as a doctorate in computer science.


An example of a computer science program is a computer systems security master's degree. This concentration will train students to become computer security specialists that implement security measures and protect organizations from attack. Courses will educate students on computer systems security, security policies, formulation, design, and more. A program at this level may require 44 credit hours or more to complete depending on the program a student is enrolled in. Cost per course may be around $630. Some schools include the price for textbooks and required material in that price, but many online schools list these materials as a separate expense.


Computer engineering is a discipline that involves design in many different avenues related to computers and the Internet. Students interested in this field of the industry can find themselves working with online media and web 2.0 websites. Some schools offer degree concentrations in this area called emerging or new media. A degree program in this concentration may offer courses that teach a student how to integrate content and communication into strategies for businesses, entertainment, education, and more.


Degree options will continue to grow as computer technology is incorporated into more houses, businesses, and organizations. Students seeking an online computer education will find numerous courses and degree programs that will properly prepare them for success in the computer industry. Make sure to properly research all available programs. Verify the program is accredited and will provide you with not only the necessary skills but a quality education that meets or exceeds industry standards. Search out online computer education schools today and you'll be on the right path to a rewarding career.



DISCLAIMER: Above is a GENERIC OUTLINE and may or may not depict precise methods, courses and/or focuses related to ANY ONE specific school(s) that may or may not be advertised at PETAP.org.
Copyright 2010 - All rights reserved by PETAP.org.
Notice to Publishers: You may use this article on Ezine or on your Website; however, ALL links must remain intact and active. Failure to retain links is expressly prohibited and violators will be prosecuted extensively by law.

What's Wrong With Forex Education and Training?

There are three models of education that dominate the Forex Market today. They all claim to have the magic formula, exclusive knowledge about the market, or some hyped up set of proprietary indicators. Their promise to the ever re-generating gaggle of hopeful FX traders is the easiest road possible to the promised land of Forex Enlightenment.

Understanding the realities of what's out there on the market as far as education is an important thing for someone who is out there trying to become a Forex trader. This article addresses some of the more common paradigms of the current Forex Education Market.

The Seminar

This is, perhaps, the most common form taken in the FX Education Market, because it usually leverages the notoriety or charisma of a supposed master trader to convince their potential devotees to plunk down anywhere from $3,000 to $8,000 for the privilege of spending a short weekend "learning how to trade".

Starting at nine in the morning, usually a 9:00 AM, the host of the seminar will begin. After a lunch and several breaks you might get a total of 6 hours per day a Forex education.

This type of education is marginal at best because you are only exposed to the information for a short and inefficient weekend - after that you're on your own. If you're lucky, you were able to take notes and make scattered "next level" observations that might carry you through until you're able to retake the course - if they allow that!

You're only one of maybe 100 people in the room who are all vying for the attention of the supposed master trader or trading celebrity who is running room. So, you have to wait in line in the chat to get your questions answered, and what's worse, you have to wait behind the questions of the slowest people in the room who, no matter how many times the material is explained still have questions that are very basic, and range from repetitive to astoundingly pedestrian, As a result, the presenter must spend enormous amounts of time trying to remedially educate the slower members of the room while you wait, minute after minute watching your very expensive Forex education be wasted.

So the bottom line is that it's a very expensive way to obtain what is usually only a rudimentary Forex education, simply because there's not enough time to train the group in the basics of trading, much less the advanced topics that are necessary in order to profit in the Forex market.

The Chat Room

The other type of education that is very popular among the online Forex education web sites is the ubiquitous chat room. This is where a group of moderators spend the morning or just a part of the morning attempting to disseminate educational tidbits to a large group of hundreds of people. If your lucky enough not to be completely annoyed by the voices that are coming through your computer speakers, you may be able to collect enough information over the course of the next few months to construct some semblance of a proper education. There is never an organized lesson or consistent pre-scheduled teaching, and the moderators, because they are distracted from trading by the continuous questions from novice traders, become less effective as traders themselves.

Any nuggets of trading wisdom that are doled out in these chat rooms comes in sporadic bursts that are unpredictable and varying in quality. So the trader that hopes to receive a proper Forex education by participating in one of these chat rooms must do several things in order to succeed #1. He must be able to spend every available hour in the chat room to avoid missing valuable information as it is discussed, and #2 He must be able to efficiently and effectively collect all of these various data points into one organized structure, which clearly presents even the most precise thinkers a difficult challenge.

Another issue associated with chat rooms is that novice traders often use them as a crutch to avoid the difficult work of writing a trading plan, testing a training plan, and learning to read the market on their own. They often blindly follow the trades and advise of the moderators or other senior members of the room, who post loudly of their numerous winning trades (this assumes that they are honest, wink wink). And so the trader's development is slowed for years as they just limp along, trying to follow trades of other people, trying to figure out who in the room is the best trader, so that they can mimic their style. This process retards the development of the trader for years and sometimes forever if the trader never figure is out the cause of their desperate gyrations.

The social aspect of the chat room paradigm is tempting, but there are a great many successful traders out there today who will tell you that their true success in the markets did not begin until they turned all the chat rooms off.

The PDF Course

The third main category of Forex education comes in the form of the downloadable course. Almost always delivered in PDF format these courses promise to show you proven strategies that let you easily take profits out of the Forex market.

The worst offenders out there are those who simply copy and paste volumes of information from all over the web that the unsuspecting buyer could have easily found on his own. Many a trader has been disappointed by this newly downloaded Forex course, when he or she realizes that the sum total of unique information in the course consists of nine or 10 pages, while the other 99 or so pages contain standard definitions of Forex trading and explanations that answer the eternal question " what is a pip"?

Slightly more honest but equally ineffective are the outfits who tout their unbelievably reliable, proprietary setups which usually consist of a collection of bar patterns or moving average crosses that are corroborated by chart after chart that the authors handpicked from the market. They fail to tell you that in a sideways market, that these types of setups often lead to a series of damaging losses and a devastated psychological profile. As a result, the trader gives up on these newly learned methods, and continues his search for the next Holy Grail.

Conclusions

The common thread that runs through each of these educational methods, is that they're quite expensive and leave the blossoming Forex trader with much less of the one commodity that he must value the most, trading capital. While it's difficult to argue that a Forex trader would be better off entering the market with no education at all, it's quite possible that there is a better paradigm out there at a fraction of the cost.

Academic knowledge of how the market moves and how technical analysis works is something that must be taught over an extended period. The concepts, in many cases are counter-intuitive, and therefore require a continuing education that allows the apprentice trader the opportunity to repetitively access the educational material, and be able to post questions and receive answers about its content.

As the technical side of trading is being developed under this educational model, the aspiring trader also needs some method of psychological support. We've already established that the moderated chat room model is an impediment to true trading mastery but surely there is another way for traders to interact, while still retaining their integrity of mind.

The current belief by our team of professionals, is that a Forex course consisting of dynamically illustrated and logically explained high quality videos is the best and most efficient way to train a novice or intermediate trader. This allows the student to repetitively access the information as many times as they deem necessary, and eliminates the negative issues associated with the other types of education mentioned above.

The trader that is able to learn with the assistance of professionally taught high definition videos has an edge, and if that trader is then supported with the latest in continuing education, then that trader has the best possible chance of success.

Price, of course, is another issue. If the trader is able to spend far less money to acquire a top quality Forex education, then that trader would be in the best possible position for success when first entering the market.

Tertiary Education - E-content design and management

Introduction
Allaire (1996) stated that countries that first establish an information infrastructure and effective e-content will enjoy enormous competitive advantage. The learners and the society requirements are very clear. The analytical capacity and thinking levels of the current generations are high. Their inherent ease in usage of modern gadgets is not only to be harnessed but that makes them to learn and retain more. But the older generation are left far behind. Thus the content providers and the technocrats should provide quick and novel solutions for managing, packaging and delivering the solutions to satisfy the requirements of the academia, society and the market in the coming years. This paper deals with areas such as e-content design and planning, governance models, internet adoption issues, infrastructure requirements, effective content management, hierarchy and evaluation in the use of ICT in tertiary education.
Advantages of e- (virtual) learning
* It is not limited by the classroom walls;
* It is does not know or care what the learner's socioeconomic status is;
* It provides equal opportunity for everyone to learn;
* It is more in tune with the way our past students learn today;
Benefits of e-learning
e- learning is the use of new multimedia technologies and internet to improve the quality of learning by facilitating access to resources and services, as well as remote exchanges and collaboration. The benefits are;

* 60% faster learning curve
* 25%-60% higher content retention
* 56% greater learning gains
* 50%-60% better consistency of learning
* 38%-70% faster training comprehension
* Cost is 50%-70% less than instructor-led training
Supplementary nature of e-learning
It is important to note however that ICT should be used when it contributes to the interactive teaching. The use of ICT supplements other academic tools - investigations, scientific enquiry outside the classroom, collecting and recording evidence and many other traditional methods.
Developmental Goals for the new Milleneenium
Universal enrollment in primary education and elimination of gender disparities in primary and secondary education is the United Nations Millennium Development Goal. Whether the developing and transition countries have achieved that is doubtful But tertiary education can support the other education system passively.
ICT in Tertiary Education
In every society, the tertiary institution is the most dependable source of human resource capital for socio-political and economic development. Since the government is the prime mover of development in apart from funding, problems of Computer Hardware and Software, and Shortage of Technical Manpower has to be met by the government.
Benefits of ICT in Tertiary Education
1. Hardware and Networking
Institutions that provide a link between local researchers, teachers and scholars and their counterparts in other parts of the country will have to have improved the Internet connectivity. This benefits everyone in the project / team.
2. Provision of Teaching and Research Facilities
Provision of access to the best of teaching and research materials available on par with the world class cost, tertiary institutions.
Develeping ICT policy for Tertiary Education
Any IT policy must benefit all of a country's population by combined private-public services, and so forth. Another important policy element will be linking IT with education. This means using IT for education, aggressively expanding its coverage with quality and relevance, and educating and training for IT as a must for social and individual progress.
Design and Planning
The following assertions have to be made before incorporating ICT in Tertiary Education.
* The level of knowledge that students already have.
* The use of technology for the entire curriculum of those who left school or college.
* Establishing a foundation upon primary and secondary education upon which to build the tertiary education.
* How faculty can expertise in using technology throughout the learning experience of the students ?
* How much infrastructure is to be built upon in which students routinely use technology with ease ?
e- Content Implementation Models
Several universities and higher education systems have created distinct distance education or e-learning delivery structures and governance model.

Three ways in which to organize an e-learning governance model are;
1) Technical service model In whereby institutional autonomy for all e-learning functions, while technical resources are supplied
2) Development and delivery model whereby the development and delivery of courses and programs is in all institutions.
3) Service center delivery model provides a seamless interface of e-learning support services to the institutions.
Infrastructure requirements
The infrastructure should supplied to handle the huge amount of data, intelligently and to deliver it efficiently and quickly. It should also avoid the delay even during heavy traffic times and without any loss of data.

Implementation of ICT In Tertiary Education
The biggest challenges to adopt appropriate development policies and implementing corresponding programmes of tertiary education is keeping in mind the existing local conditions and standards of the nascent learner.

Evaluating ICT in Tertiary Education
For any policy to be successfully implemented there is the need for constant evaluation of the policy especially for new and fast growing technologies like ICT. Dewey and Bentley (1949) in their book, Knowing and the Known, mentioned the importance of transaction. Rather than considering technology as a discrete object we have to see how the technology participates in an working relationship in the social practices such as Tertiary Education.
Instead of being rigid technology the different levels of the user has to be kept in mind while designing the e-content.
Pedagogical content Management
This system should support the content acquisition and archival, file conversions and transformation, version control, meta-tagging, workflow, integration with multiple repositories/delivery networks, platform independency, security, permission and rights management, conversions to any formats and channels, meta-data generation, non dependency of platforms etc.,.

High-level steps while entering e-content for Tertiary education
Review of prior e-learning reports, identification of key market segments, e-learning areas, selecting branding approach, developing e-learning governance model, consideration of funding issues including revenues and costs, developments of partnership with content providers and academics are the steps to be followed before actually entering into the production
Conclusion

Should ask what courses are learners starting from and what are their expectations and assessments? This should be followed by how do people learn and how do you facilitate learning. The answers to these two questions can be obtained if principles from Learning theories and Pedagogical theories are applied to the current reality for tertiary education.
REFERENCES
Allaire, P., Young, J., & Vest, C. (1996). Breaking the Barriers to the National Information Infrastructure, quoted by E. Talero and P. Gaudette, Harnessing Information for Development. A proposal for a World Bank group strategy, World Bank Discussion Papers no. 313, World

Learn and Speak Spanish CD Materials - Education And Training Audios

There are probably hundreds of Learn and Speak Spanish CD instruction aids available commercially. If you are looking for a way to learn without having to be present at classroom sessions, these materials are some of the choices that will be best for you. Programs for intermediate learners, or those who are neither beginners nor experts, are also available.
The length of the training material will depend on the level of learning for which it was designed. Usually though, these Compact discs can include from 4 to 10 CDs and can encompass a total of four to even 12 hours of teaching.
Advantages of Compact Disc Teaching Aids
Instruction aids offered in the form of Compact discs allow students to select the most convenient time for them to take the lessons. They can carry the materials anywhere with them and just plug them in and put on their headphones which is like working with a companion tutor.
Another benefit of these tutorial training materials is that you only have to pay for them once and you can keep them as long as you would like. You can even share them with other people who also would like to master the Spanish language.
Most CD packages are presented with additional resources, like dictionaries and guides. Although a number of them can cost over two hundred dollars, they can be really worth the money if you are serious about learning the spanish language.
Possible limitations
The only thing which could stop you from learning is if you do not have the patience to go through every one of the lessons and listen to them frequently. The truth is, most of these materials won't teach you the spanish language just by listening to them once.
Another potential problem is that you can only read the product description and will not be able to determine whether the tutorial is what you're looking for until you've bought it. The smartest thing to do before you make any purchase is to check out product reviews and ask others that have taken such courses.
Using Learn and Speak Spanish CD courses can work on some while not on others. Before you choose to purchase a CD tutorial package, just be sure you possess the perseverance to go through all the lessons contained in this format.

The Indispensable Value Of Educational Toys

Mainan pendidikan sangat penting dalam pembelajaran . Mereka melayani berbagai fungsi . Mereka meningkatkan tingkat kepentingan peserta didik di sekolah . Mereka berbeda dalam penggunaan . Orang lain dapat dimanipulasi itulah sebabnya mereka menawarkan nilai besar . Pendidikan mainan yang sebagian besar waktu mahal . Namun , mereka memiliki banyak manfaat . Seorang anak belajar melalui bermain . Dia menemukan lebih menarik ketika ia belajar dan pada saat yang sama ,

menikmati . Tapi , kenapa begitu sekolah hanya perlu mainan yang tepat jika mereka hanya bisa melakukan kegiatan yang baik ? Mainan ini tidak biasa . Mereka memiliki nilai yang lebih besar . Mereka mempengaruhi tingkat pembelajaran . Semakin banyak mainan pembelajaran telah dilakukan untuk memenuhi permintaan . Sekolah biasanya membeli persediaan dalam jumlah besar . Mereka lebih memilih beragam mainan . Mereka tidak mendapatkan orang-orang dalam kualitas yang buruk . Sebaliknya , mereka memprioritaskan orang-orang dengan kualitas luar biasa dan aman untuk digunakan . Setelah semua , mereka akan diberikan kepada pelajar muda yang sebagian besar waktu tidak menyadari apa yang mereka gunakan .

Pendidikan mainan bisa menyenangkan bagi semua peserta didik tidak peduli apa kepentingan mereka . Mainan ini dibuat untuk membantu mereka memahami konsep-konsep . Seorang guru yang menjelaskan konsep di depan peserta didik mungkin tidak efektif mengirimkan informasi tanpa manipulatif . Bahan-bahan ini adalah yang terbaik karena mereka memberikan pembelajaran yang luar biasa Anda tidak pernah berpikir mereka bisa . Mainan sering dikelompokkan menjadi 2 kategori.
 Yang paling umum adalah untuk menjaga anak-anak sibuk . Mereka tidak mengatakan apa-apa . Mereka hanya meringankan kebosanan dan menghibur . Pendidikan Manipulatif adalah hal besar berikutnya . Mereka tidak hanya membuat pengguna sibuk . Mereka bahkan membuat mereka belajar sambil bermain . Mainan ini tidak hanya sekedar untuk bermain tujuan . Mereka akan meningkatkan kemampuan Anda dan membiarkan Anda menemukan hal-hal yang Anda belum ditemukan sebelumnya . Beberapa mungkin guru dibuat seperti mock - up .
Seiring dengan sukacita pembelajaran , konsep-konsep baru dipelajari . Anak-anak bisa menjelajahi dunia . Mereka merasa sedikit berbeda . Pendidikan mainan menggabungkan hiburan murni dengan pendidikan yang berkualitas . Bahan-bahan ini meningkatkan proses pembelajaran secara keseluruhan sehingga belajar menjadi mudah dan nyata . Pengalaman menjadi lebih realistis ketika anak-anak belajar sambil bermain dengan mainan favorit mereka . Mainan ini meningkatkan kewaspadaan Anda . Para peserta didik dapat menggunakan indra mereka sehingga pembelajaran menjadi lebih cepat dari biasanya .

Ada berbagai macam mainan pendidikan yang membantu anak-anak mencari dan menemukan kepentingan baru . Lainnya dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan bahan daur ulang . Mereka bahkan dapat dilakukan untuk melatih peserta didik . Mainan ini dibuat mudah dengan bantuan instruksi . Ada juga batasan tentang bagaimana Anda harus menggunakannya .

Nilai yang tak terpisahkan dari mainan pendidikan yang luar biasa . Mereka menjaga peserta didik sibuk selama waktu luang mereka . Biarkan peserta didik tumbuh dan berkembang dengan mainan pembelajaran yang dapat diandalkan . Membuat mereka lebih terlibat dalam kegiatan sehari- hari . Gunakan berbagai visual dan Manipulatif sehingga Anda dapat membantu mereka mempercepat . Jika mainan yang dikombinasikan dengan strategi pembelajaran yang paling baik , pendidikan yang berkualitas adalah hasilnya . Auditory , taktil , koordinasi tangan-mata , keterampilan motorik , kesadaran visual , dan aspek-aspek lain yang tersentuh . Mainan belajar semua dalam satu . Mereka meringankan kebosanan sementara membuat anak-anak belajar dengan cara yang khusus .

The Indispensable Value Of Educational Toys

Educational toys are very important in learning. They serve various functions. They enhance the level of interest of learners in school. They vary in usage. Others can be manipulated which is why they offer huge value. Educational toys are most of the time expensive. Yet, they have numerous benefits. A child learns through play. He finds it more exciting when he learns and at the same time, enjoys. But, why is that school simply needs the right toys if they can just make good activities? These toys are not ordinary. They have greater value. They affect the level of learning. More and more learning toys have been made to meet the growing demand. Schools usually buy supplies in bulk. They prefer diverse toys. They don't get those in poor quality. Rather, they prioritize those with outstanding qualities and are safe to use. After all, they will be given them to young learners who are most of the time not aware of what they are using.

Educational toys can be fun for all learners no matter what their interests are. These toys are made to help them understand concepts. A teacher who explains a concept in front of the learners may not effectively transmit the information without the manipulative. These materials are best because they provide exceptional learning you never thought they can. Toys are often classified into 2 categories. The most common are to keep children busy. They don't tell anything. They simply ease boredom and entertain. Educational Manipulatives are the next big thing. They don't just a make a user busy. They even make them learn while at play. These toys are not just simply for playing purposes. They will enhance your capabilities and let you discover things that you haven't encountered before. Some might be teachers made like mock-ups.

Along with the joys of learning, new concepts are learned. Children get to explore the world. They feel a little different. Educational toys combine pure entertainment with quality education. These materials enhance the overall learning process so learning becomes easy and real. The experience becomes more realistic when children learn while playing with their favorite toys. These toys enhance your alertness. The learners can make use of their senses so learning becomes faster than usual.

There are various kinds of educational toys which help children explore and find new interests. Others can be made using recyclable materials. They can even be made to train learners. These toys are made easy with the help of instructions. There are also limits on how you should use them.

The indispensable value of educational toys is beyond compare. They keep learners busy during their free time. Let your learners grow and develop with reliable learning toys. Make them more involved in day-to-day activities. Use a variety of visuals and manipulatives so you can help them accelerate. If toys are combined with the most excellent learning strategies, quality education is the outcome. Auditory, tactile, hand-eye coordination, motor skills, visual awareness, and other aspects are touched. Learning toys are all in one. They ease boredom while making kids learn in a special way.

Pengertian Materi Pendidikan (Pembelajaran)

  Salah satu faktor penting yang sangat berpengaruh terhadap keberhasilan pendidikan eluruhan adalah kemampuan dan keberhasilan guru merancang materi pembelajaran. Materi Pembelajaran pada hakekatnya merupakan bagian tidak terpisahkan dari Silabus, yakni perencanaan, prediksi dan proyeksi tentang apa yang akan dilakukan pada saat Kegiatan Pembelajaran.

Secara garis besar dapat dikemukakan bahwa Materi pembelajaran (instructional materials) adalah pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap yang harus dikuasai peserta didik dalam rangka memenuhi standar kompetensi yang ditetapkan. Materi pembelajaran menempati posisi yang sangat penting dari keseluruhan kurikulum, yang harus dipersiapkan agar pelaksanaan pembelajaran dapat mencapai sasaran. Sasaran tersebut harus sesuai dengan Standar Kompetensi dan Kompetensi Dasar yang harus dicapai oleh peserta didik. Artinya, materi yang ditentukan untuk kegiatan pembelajaran hendaknya materi yang benar-benar menunjang tercapainya standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar,serta tercapainya indikator.

Materi pembelajaran dipilih seoptimal mungkin untuk membantu peserta didik dalam mencapai standar kompetensi dan kompetensi dasar. Hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan berkenaan dengan pemilihan materi pembelajaran adalah jenis, cakupan, urutan, dan perlakuan (treatment) terhadap materi pembelajaran tersebut.

Agar guru dapat membuat persiapan yang berdaya guna dan berhasil guna, dituntut memahami berbagai aspek yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan materi pembelajaran, baik berkaitan dengan hakikat, fungsi, prinsip, maupun prosedur pengembangan materi serta mengukur efektivitas persiapan tersebut.

Jenis-Jenis Materi Pendidikan (Pembelajaran)

Jenis-jenis materi pembelajaran dapat diklasifikasi sebagai berikut.

1. Fakta; adalah segala hal yang bewujud kenyataan dan kebenaran, meliputi nama nama
objek, peristiwa sejarah, lambang, nama tempat, nama orang, nama bagian atau komponen suatu benda, dan sebagainya. Contoh: dalam mata pelajaran Sejarah: Peristiwa sekitar Proklamasi 17 Agustus 1945 dan pembentukan Pemerintahan Panduan Pengembangan Materi Pembelajaran Indonesia.

2. Konsep; adalah segala yang berwujud pengertian-pengertian baru yang bisa timbul sebagai hasil pemikiran, meliputi definisi, pengertian, ciri khusus, hakikat, inti /isi dan sebagainya. Contoh: penyimpangan sosial adalah suatu pelanggaran terhadap norma-norma kelompok atau masyarakat (Horton & Hunt 1987: 191), dsb.

3. Prinsip; adalah berupa hal-hal utama, pokok, dan memiliki posisi terpenting,meliputi dalil, rumus, adagium, postulat, paradigma, teorema, serta hubungan antarkonsep yang menggambarkan implikasi sebab akibat. Contoh: Perilaku menyimpang timbul karena tidak adanya nilai atau norma yang dapat ditaati secara teguh, diterima secara luas, dan mampu mengikat serta mengendalikan masyarakat (Emile Durkhaim, 1897), dsb.

4. Prosedur; merupakan langkah-langkah sistematis atau berurutan dalam mengerjakan suatu aktivitas dan kronologi suatu sistem. Contoh: praktik penelitian sosial, dsb.

5. Sikap atau Nilai; merupakan hasil belajar aspek sikap, misalnya nilai kejujuran, kasih sayang, tolong-menolong, semangat dan minat belajar, dan bekerja, dsb. Contoh: aplikasi sosiologi dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dalam bentuk sikap toleransi dalam menghadapi fenomena sosial yang bervariasi.

what is materi ?

 We humans , animals , plants , all forms of life , the Earth , the planets , and stars , are actually made ​​of? And whether the familiar objects really exist for the Universe ? It is a question that seems simple, straight to the core of dark matter search . In this book we have to explore various aspects of the material and its partners , energy , and have been thinking about why some types of material that has not been discovered so scientists suspected that invest a lot of money on a device - by- device search for it . It is a story about the origins of the Universe and how it carries on the type and amount of material that we see today . Here we review the basic idea of ​​the nature of matter , made ​​of what he is , and how it was formed .

  DEFINITION OF MATERIALSThe first thing to understand about the matter is that not all material can be seen directly , and not all that you see around you is matter . A common example is the air and light . We could feel the air , and even see their effect on objects like clothes in a clothesline ; but in fact we can not see it - at least not without special equipment . In contrast , the light allows us to see everything around us . Every sunrise , we are bathed in light - and the lives of dying without light . But light is not matter : it is energy .
So , what's it matter ? There are several criteria that must be met before an entity can be described as a material . First , he had to occupy the space . You are made of matter , and you can prove that you are consuming the room each time you climb into a tub full of water . Water level rise is proof that you have the volume . Other evidence that is less obvious is that you reject changes in motion . Perhaps a better example is a car breaking down. Faced with the need to push it out of the way , you experience inertia - resistance to change of motion , although the motion remain. Undeniably, tire friction with the road giving further rejection , but even if you try to push the car on top of the ice field , you will find it much less mobile than you , because he had more inertia than you . In other words , there are more cars than you .
Finally, the matter has mass . Mass is defined as the amount of matter in an object , but this should not be confused with weight . Examples familiar form of the similarity weight on the moon with your weight on Earth may momentarily make you feel more comfortable - but your mass and volume remain the same in both environments .

Therefore, matter is anything that can be weighed , pushed , pulled , can change shape , and so on . It is intuitively obvious , but it needs to be stated directly . Even less clear is the nature of the material . If we study the composition effect, what will we see ? Around the year 500 BC , the Greek philosopher , Democritus , devote earnest thought to this , and in his mind the small particles that can not be divided that make up all matter . He called them atoms - which means ' can not be cut ' . Democritus as smart - smart - but he was right - he was just speculating . He had no evidence to support the idea , and at that time a lot of people who do not agree with him . But today we are not only able to learn the material world to see what is there , but we have no evidence to support our conclusions regarding this strange world . Some evidence was as beautiful as the disclosures in this book , while several others - like a nuclear bomb - was terrible . The point is that we are now closer than ever to understanding the true nature of the material - material that can at least take a look , and perhaps even material that we can not see .

 Macroscopic : CELLThink of an example of an easy matter : the pages of this book . Look closer , through the words , letters , and marks the point at the end of this sentence . Pandangilah fibers that make up the pages - the fibers that was once a living tissue in trees . The network is made ​​up of cells , and the cells were made ​​of very complex parts innumerable - membrane , cytoplasm , mitochondria , and so on - who have had a life process that has now ended . The parts were made ​​of some of the largest and terkompleks molecule in the Universe - a familiar example is the molecule of life , DNA , which contains the genetic code that allows us and all living things to reproduce .
MOLECULESThe molecule has a surprising variety of shapes , and most of the materials that affect our lives are composed of types of different molecules . Examples of water , without which life would cease . It is a molecule that consists of two types of smaller particles called atoms . Atoms have different characteristics which are called elements , about a hundred of them have been known . Two elements in water , for example , are oxygen and hydrogen . Elements fused to form all the molecules around us , and react together to form a new substance in a chemical reaction . Common examples of when cooking , for example , or when the oil blend with oxygen in your vehicle . In both cases , there was an exchange of energy , but not matter . In the case of cooking , the input energy is so diverse molecules react and make a fluffy cake . On the other hand , the vehicle's engine , the input energy is initially small ( spark from the spark - plug ) triggers a reaction between oil and oxygen to release energy , which drives the vehicle . In both these examples , the new combination of elements and compounds generated , but the material is not created or destroyed.

ELEMENTSThe whole of the Universe is almost only consists of two elements : hydrogen and helium . All that you think you and I are so interesting in everyday life ( with the exception of dark matter , of course ) made ​​of elements that are very minority . But all of these elements - from the lightest and simplest ( hydrogen ) to the elements with a heavy mass and heavier names like ununnilium - made ​​of atoms . But atoms are not understood by Democritus .
ATOMAtomic otherwise made ​​of four things : protons and neutrons that make up the nucleus , the electrons around the nucleus , and a large amount of space . But how much space is there ? Imagine that the nucleus of an atom is the size of a walnut . At this scale , the electrons will be buzzing in a sphere with a diameter of more than one kilometer . Although the space is very large , 99 % of the material in the nucleus of an atom are very small . So what is keeping the unity of it all ? The answer is energy : electric charge of the electron is negative , while the nucleus ( cause we shall see in a moment) is positive . Positive and negative charge attract and hold electrons in place . But the atom is meeting other atoms , they reject each other for the simple reason that they have electrons in the outer - and two negative electrons repel surely . These properties allow you hold this book . Negative electrons in atoms and molecules of your hand reject the electrons in atoms and molecules books . If this does not happen to repel each other , not only this book will really take through your fingers , but you also will terperosot seat and then penetrate into the Earth . It's not as stupid as it sounds , because there are particles of matter in the Universe that do so . We are now going to wade through the material essence .

ATOMIC STRUCTURE : ELECTRON , PROTON AND NEUTRONIn the nucleus we find two types of particles again : protons and neutrons - which has a mass of heavy components . Protons have a positive charge - the same charge that attract electrons and atoms prevent rupture . Neutrons have no charge at all , but , even so , are held in place in the nucleus by other different styles of electric force : the strong nuclear force .
QUARKMore fundamental than protons and neutrons are particles that compose them : quarks . There are different types of quarks - up , down , strange , charmed , top , and bottom - which join different ways to prepare the material . Proton , for example , is composed of two up quarks and one down quark , while a neutron is composed of two down quarks and one up quark . The names of the quark is not at all related to their attributes , and only a label .
leptonWhat about electrons ? Of what it is composed ? Electrons are part of a family that is much lighter particles called leptons . Other members of the family include the lepton muon and tau particles , and each of the three have associated particle called neutrinos : electron neutrinos , tau neutrinos and muon neutrinos . Neutrinos are strange beasts that can penetrate ordinary matter as if the material does not exist . This presents an interesting challenge for physicists not only intended to detect them but also try to measure their mass . Leptons invisible composed of anything other than the leptons , in other words they do not show signs of having internal structure .
In addition to all this , there are still lots of other particles , and there are more than two hundred who have known or predicted .
ENERGYAsk a physicist what it is energy , and the answer is that energy allows doing a job . It is a concept that is elusive , and , although we can describe its attributes , classifying it in different ways , and predict their behavior and also to do with the matter at the beginning of the Universe , the nature of energy is still a mystery .
Energy is the capacity to do work - to change things . Here are some types that are common , although there are many variations :

Kinetic energy . Movement . Riding a bike , waltz , fly to the moon , then you 're running the kinetic energy .
Potential energy . Stored energy , which manifests itself in various forms such as chemical energy and gravity . Food , petroleum , and water at the top of the cliff that will plunge , everything has potential energy . One of the amazing things we are trying to do in this millennium is to save energy in everything from food warehouses that give us food to fuel the nuclear reactors miniature space vehicles in interplanetary travel .
Thermal energy . Heat - the amount of energy contained in the moving particles that make up matter . The faster the particles move , the more thermal energy they have, and , with a sufficient amount , they can produce large amounts of energy . Although referred to as heat thermal energy , thermal energy an object with large amounts of hot uncertain , while certainly not a hot object contains a lot of thermal energy . Heated swimming pool , for example , contain significantly more thermal energy than incandescent nails , the reason is simple , because more water than nails !
Electrical energy . One of the most familiar forms of energy - for good reason , we use it in large quantities . It is the flow of electrons , which is amazingly easy to transport once the infrastructure is already in place. Once electricity is delivered to our homes , we can transform it into many other forms of energy .
Radiant energy . The most familiar example is light , but there are other forms : gamma rays , infrared ( used for heating and remote - control devices in the household) , microwave ( for communication and cooking ) , X-ray ( treatment ) , radio waves , and ultraviolet . All of this is part of the electromagnetic spectrum .
Each of these forms of energy ( and which are not mentioned here ) are included in one of the four fundamental forces in nature , which is transported from one place to another by massless particles called bosons . These forces and their transporter is :

Electromagnetic force , carried by photons .
Gravity , transported by gravitons .
The strong nuclear force , carried by gluons .
Weak nuclear force , carried by particles W + , W - , ​​and Z0 .
The importance of the relationship between matter and energy is that the relationship can be exchanged : Matter is converted to energy in the stars, for example , and the conversion is what allows us to continue to live . But for the sake of our story , it is important to understand that the Universe contains a number of materials and the amount of energy , and , as we have discovered , a number of dark matter . Just that. Nothing more , nothing less . In the history of the Universe , there have been some odd conversion between matter and energy , and , no doubt , dark matter , but the total remains the same . One of the goals of cosmology is to determine how many of them - matter , energy , and dark matter - which exist in the Universe , because this will help unravel the fundamental attributes of the origins , evolution , and destiny of the Universe in which we live .